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Independence Day Special August 14th
Topic Started: Aug 13 2006, 12:00 AM (331 Views)
~Miss_Cat~
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Important Events at a Glance (1857 to 1947)

Towards Independence

1857 War of Independence
An anti-British uprising also known as the Sepoy Rebellion/First War of Independence. It was crushed with an iron hand. The British blamed the Muslims for the ‘mutiny’ and subjected them to ruthless punishment. It marked the final collapse of the Mughal Empire and the progressive decline of the Muslims. It had a far-reaching effect on the destiny of the Muslims... more

1885-Formation of the Indian National Congress
A liberal Indian organization founded by A.W. Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service. Its aim: to fuse all discordant elements, regenerate the nation and consolidate the union between England and India. After 1930 it became a typical Hindu organization always at loggerheads with the Muslim League... more

1905-Partition of Bengal
The Bengal Presidency was partitioned by Lord Curzon and its boundaries redrawn to create two provinces of manageable size. It was purely an administrative measure but the Hindus raised great hue and cry and denounced it as an anti-Hindu measure aimed at breaking their monopoly. It reflected the divergent attitude of the Hindus and the Muslims... more

1906-Simla Deputation
A deputation, representing all shades of Muslims opinion and led by Aga Khan III, called on the viceroy on October 1 at Simla. It made two basic demands:
a Separate representation for Muslims
b Weight age in all elected bodies. It represented the earliest Muslim attempt to safeguard their rights... more

1906-Founding of the All-India Muslim League
The All India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in December 1906 to watch and safeguard Muslim interests. Its major aims: to promote loyalty to the British government, advance the interests of the Muslims of India and prevent any feeling of hostility towards other communities. It played a dynamic role in the Pakistan Movement (1940-47)... more

1909-Minto – Morley Reforms
These reforms provided for separate electorates in all the provinces. The Imperial Legislative Council and the provincial councils were enlarged. It also met the demands of the Simla Deputation (1906)... more

1911-Annulment of the Partition of Bengal
In December 1911, at a ‘darbar’ in Delhi, King George V announced the annulment of the partition of Bengal. The Muslims were bewildered. Hindu agitation had triumphed. Khwaja Sir Salimullah, President-elect of the All India Muslim League said: “The annulment of the partition has put a premium on sedition and disloyalty …….” The annulment widened the cleavage between Hindus and Muslims... more

1914-18 World War I
Also known as the Great War. It was an international struggle that raged over the old world between August 1914 and November 1918. France, Russia and Great Britain were arrayed on one side and Germany, Austria, Turkey, on the other. The war ended with the treaty of Versailles (1918). The Kilafat Movement (1919-24) in India was an offshoot of this war... more

1916 Lucknow Pact
A joint League – Congress agreement in which the Muslim League overtures of good will and friendship were fully reciprocated by the Congress who conceded separate electorates to the Muslims...more

1919 Moutagu – Chelmford Reforms
These reforms introduced ‘dyarchy’. Separate electorates were continued... more

1919-23 Khilafat Movement
An Indian Muslim Movement for the preservation of the Khilafat’ and the territorial integrity of Ottoman Empire. The Ali Brothers were its leading proponents. Gandhi supported the movement and encouraged non-cooperation with the British. A section of Indian Muslims, to express their indignation, resorted to ‘Hijrat’. They gained nothing. The movement petered out when Mustafa Kamal Ataturk itself abolished the caliphate... more

1922-29 Hindu – Muslim Riots
Starting with 1922, India was the scene of bloody Hindu-Muslim riots for the next seven years. Hindu leaders were rabid communalists. Arya Samaj, shuddhi, sanghathan activities targeted the Muslims. These riots marked a high point in communal bitterness and increased Muslim estrangement... more

1927 Delhi Muslim Proposals
These proposals were a fresh try for a Hindu-Muslim settlement. A group of prominent Muslims met at Delhi on March 20, 1927. The Muslims were ready to forgo the separate electorate if their following demands were conceded. Sind should be separated from Bombay, and reforms introduced in NWFP and Baluchistan. Muslim representation in the Central Legislature should not be less than 1/3. The Muslims should be given representation according their population with reservation of seats... more

1928 Nehru Report
The Nehru Report published in August was a patently anti-Muslim document. It included a draft constitution for India. It recommended that:
1. A declaration of Human Rights should be inserted
2. NWFP be given full provincial status.
3. Sind be separated from Bombay.
4. Separate electorates be immediately abolished. 5. No weightage be
allowed.
The Report rejected a federation and supported a unitary government... more

1929 Quaid-i-Azam’s Fourteen Points
The Muslim League at the time was torn by internal dissension. The Quaid outlined a programme on which Muslims could unite. This was the famous Fourteen Points. The Muslim safeguards recommended included a federal form of constitution for India and a full-fledged provincehood for Sind, Baluchistan and North-West Frontier.... more

1930 Simon Report
A constitutional report that rejected the unitary system and recommended a federal framework for India. It also recommended 1. doing away with dyachy and 2. setting up of a Council of Greater India... more


Towards Pakistan

1930-Allam Iqbal Address
In December 1930, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, while addressing the Muslim League annaul session at Allahabad advocated partition of the subcontinent.He even demand and defined the frontiers of a proposed "Consolidated Muslim State", which he believed would be "in the best interests if"... more

1930-32 Round Table Conferences (RTCs)
Three Round Table Conferences were held to sort out Hindu – Muslim differences. The first met in November 1930. Hindus and Muslims could not agree on the communal problem. The Muslims were adamant on the ‘Muslim Charter’ based on the Quaid’s Fourteen Points. At the second RTC, Gandhi claimed that Congress alone represented India and rejected safeguards and separate electorates for Muslims. The third RTC ended inconclusively in November 1932... more

1932-Communal Award (1932)
The Process of constitution making had gone through many stages from Government of India Act 1919 to Communal Awards in 1932. Communal rivalries were noticed during discussions with the Indian leadership. The Simon commission and Round Table Conferences failed to evolve an agreeable formula. The Indian leaders also failed to reach at an agreement to settle communal problem. In Auguset1932, a Communal Awards was announced in which separates electorates for the Muslims were allowed to continue... more

1935-Government of India Act
This Act, strengthened parliamentary institutions yet kept ultimate power in the hands of the British. There were to be elected legislatures. The Governor General was the Chief Executive and absolute authority. Dyarchy was abolished... more

1937-Elections
Elections to the provincial legislative assemblies were held in 1937 under the Government of India Act 1935. Congress won majorities in eight provinces and formed ministries. It fared badly in Muslim majority provinces. Muslims, on their side, were divided among themselves... more

1937-39 Congress Rule in the Provinces
The rule of the Congress ministries was totalitarian and nothing short of a nightmare. It popularized the idea of Pakistan and alienated the Muslims from the ideal of a United India... more

1938-Pirpur Report
A report on the working of the Congress ministries. It highlighted Muslim grievances. An excerpt from the Report says: “The Congress has failed to inspire confidence in the minorities. It is a Hindu Organization. The just and legitimate demands of the Muslims were ignored...” more

1939-45 World War II
War between Germany, Italy and Japan (the Axis powers) on one side and Britain, France, U.S., the U.S.S.R and China (the allied powers) on the other. It was a struggle between the forces of democracy and dictatorship. 55 million lives were lost. Germany surrendered in May ‘45 and Japan in July ’45 after the atomic attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


Pakistan Movement

1940-The Pakistan Resolution
A landmark in the history of the Indian Muslims. The Pakistan Resolution was passed in March 1940 at the Muslim League session at Lahore under the presidentship of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The resolution demanded that the Muslim majority areas be grouped to constitute independent states. Pakistan was the direct outcome of this resolution... more

1942-Cripps Mission
Sir Stafford Cripps arrived in New Delhi for talks with Indian Leaders on the future constitution of India. He discussed the draft proposals. The Muslim League rejected the proposals as there was no provision for amendments or for the formation of two constituent assemblies instead of one... more

1944- Gandhi - Jinnah Talks
Gandhi - Jinnah talks were held at Bombay on the basis of the Rajagopal acharia formula to resolve the differences between the Congress and the All India Muslim League on the issue of Pakistan. Gandhi was opposed to the Two Nations Theory and refused the Muslims the right of self-determination. These talks failed... more

1945-The Simla Conference
A conference called by the Viceroy at Simla where the formation of an Executive Council was discussed. The Congress insisted that it represented all the communities in India and could nominate Muslims to the new Council. The All India Muslim League stated that only the League had the right to nominate Muslim members. The Conference failed on this issue... more

1946-The Cabinet Mission
The Cabinet Mission proposals stipulated a weak Centre, supreme only in foreign affairs, defence and communication, and three autonomous groups of provinces. Two of these were to have Muslim majorities while the third one was to have a Hindu majority. The Muslim League accepted the Plan but the Congress gave a qualified consent. Nehru’s defiant posture and refusal to accept the groupings and a less powerful centre, angered the Quaid, who later rejected the Plan... more

1946-Direct Action Day
Disgusted with the Congress stance vis-୶is the Cabinet Mission Plan, the Quaid voted for observing Direct Action Day on August 16, to press for Pakistan. For the first time in its annals, the League said good-bye to constitutional struggle for achieving their goal

1946-Interim Government Installed in Office
The British Government proposed on 22 July that an Interim Government be formed at the Centre. Initially both the Congress and the Muslim League rejected the proposal. The Viceroy then asked only Nehru to from the government. The Muslim League regretted the installation of a one-party government and flew black flags. It later realised that its exclusion from the government was playing havoc with Muslim interests. Finally after long and complicated negotiations the League joined the government. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the Finance portfolio. Congress was to regret this decision... more

1946-June 3 Partition Plan
This plan for the partition of India was prepared by Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, in consultation with the British government. It was based on the fundamental principle that transfer of power should take place according to the wishes of the people. A time-limit for British withdrawal from the subcontinent was fixed. The British decided to hand over power on 15 August 1947 to two successor states to be known as India and Pakistan... more

1947-Pakistan Achieved
14 August 1947 was Pakistan’s date with destiny. On that day, Mountbatten formally transferred power to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on behalf of His Majesty Government. On 15 August Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as the first Governor General of Pakistan. A seven-year old struggle came triumphantly to an end and a long cherished dream stood translated into reality.
<center>"No matter how small I might feel,
there’s something or somebody
who sees me as colorful."
hasne ki aarZoo maiN dabaya jo dard ko
aansoo hamaree aankh maiN pathar kyun hogay

~ Kuch Khwaishien ~ Kuch Bebasi ~ Kuch Rishte ~ Kuch Raastay ~ Tum Bin ....
</center>
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~Miss_Cat~
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Pak sar-Zamin shadbad
Blessed be the sacred Land

Kishwar-e-haseen shadbad
Happy be the bounteous realm

Too nishan-e-azm-e-aalishan
Symbol of high resolve
Arz-e-Pakistan
Land of Pakistan

Markaz-e-yaqeen shadbad
Blessed be thou citadel of faith

Pak sar-Zamin ka nizam
The order of this sacred land

Quwat-e-Ukhuwat-e-Awam
Is the might of the brotherhood of the People

Qoum, Mulk, Saltanat
May the nation, the country, and the state

Painda tabinda bad
Shine in glory everlasting

Shadbad manzal-e-murad
Blessed be the goal of our ambition

Parcham-e-Sitara-o-Hilal
This Flag of the Crescent and Star

Rehbar-e-taraqqi-o-kamaal
Leads the way to progress and perfection

Tarjaman-e-Mazi, Shan-e-hal
Interpreter of our past, glory of our present

Jan-e-istaqbal
Inspiration of our future

Saya-e-Khuda-e-zuljalal
Symbol of Almighty's protection


(*) The brief story of the national anthem of Pakistan:

Pakistan´s National Anthem was composed by musician Ahmad G. Chhagla (?-1953) in 1949. There were used 21 music instruments and 38 different tones, playing time is 1:20 minutes.

The National Anthem was written by famous poet Hafeez Jalendhary (1900-82) in 1952, which was selected from 723 competing songs and the prize money was Rs. 10.000. Pakistan's national anthem is written in the Persian language and it has only a single word "ka" in its "national language" Urdu!

Singers were Ahmad Rushdi, Shamim Bano, Kokab Jehan, Rasheeda Begum, Najam Ara, Naseema Shaheen, Zwar Hussain, Akhtar Abbas, Ghulam Dastgir, Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wassi.

The National Song was first time released on Radio Pakistan on August 13th, 1954.

The first colour film with flag and anthem was produced on January 19th, 1955 in USA.
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Cindrella
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Wo Mujh Ko Jagne Ki Saza De Ke So Gaya....
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very nice post :)
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~Miss_Cat~
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thanks d ;w
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pakistan
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((Fine Girl Open My Mind,Sweet Girl Open My Eyes,But Only Beautiful Girl Open My Heart))
"""Be Mine"""
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orange
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((Fine Girl Open My Mind,Sweet Girl Open My Eyes,But Only Beautiful Girl Open My Heart))
"""Be Mine"""
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nkhanz
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GoooLi MaR Don Ga...
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Nice Posts MC
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.. Da Way i m is Da Way i m ..
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